정용석 Yong Seok Chung

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.01 Vol.8(No.3) 1-21, 2007

This study is a review for studying the working memory of children with reading disabilities in Korea. We reviewed as follows. First, we reviewed studies about reading characteristics of children with the Korean reading disabilities. Most of them implied that children with reading disabilities had a difficulty in phonological processing and rapid speed naming tasks, and Korean reading disabilities had a difficulty in working memory. It was suggested that it was important to study about working memory in Korean reading disabilities. Second, we reviewed and compared the working memeory model of Baddeley and Hitch(1974) which studies on Korean reading disabilities were based on, to the working memory model of the Baddeley(2000) which added interactivities of short-term memory, and long-term memory and episodic buffer to it. Third, we reviewed the study of Jacquemot and Scott (2006) which was focused on the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing, and the studies of Burgess and Hitch (2005, 2006) which were focused on computational models of working memory with putting long-term memory into context. Finally, we reviewed studies related to the working memory and novel information processing mechanisms of children with reading disabilities.

읽기장애, 작업기억, 음운회로, 일화적 완충기, reading disabilities, working memory, phonological loop, episodic buffer

김남진 Nam Jin Kim , 김자경 Ja Kyoung Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.02 Vol.8(No.3) 23-43, 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognition of assistants for inclusive education assistant system in special education. For this study, 76 assistants in Busan area were employed and researched by questionaire. Results of study were as follows; First, assistants were satisfied with their roles and charges in generally. Second, assistants were satisfied with non charge of class and administration staff``s attitude for those. Third, assistants recognized that they were well qualified as assistant with consideration and service. And they considered consideration and service were constantly worth knowledge and skill for the disabled, So assistants must have abundant them. Finally, they desired a reelection of teacher and administration staff for assistants and reinforce a assistant. Based on this results, some suggestions were provided for better implementation of assistant system in special education. The results of study suggested that ; (a) the plans for employment stability and economic better treatment must be prepared. (b) the dual system of the present time that paraprofessional in paraprofessional office of education and assistant in self-help promotion agency becomes discrimination, dissatisfaction. So the system related on paraprofessional and assistant must be unification.

자활후견기관, 장애통합교육보조원사업, 장애통합교육보조원, 특수교육보조원, self-help promotion agency, assistant, paraprofessional

남기현 Ki Hyun Nam

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.03 Vol.8(No.3) 45-68, 2007

This study aims at investigating syntactic function of sign space in Korean Sign Language (KSL). In sign language with features of the visual-gestural, sign space is not only physical space where an individual sign is produced but also linguistic space where noun arrangement, pronominal reference, verb agreement, etc. are actualized (Bellugi, 1990). In other words, sign space is syntactic space, providing linguistic information; however, no study on spatial function in KSL has yet been carried out. Therefore, this study demonstrates the syntactic function of space and its individual realizations, focusing on person, coreference, referential shift, subject-object-verb agreement, and comparison. As a method, analysis of conversation of deaf adults, living in Seoul, whose first language is sign language, has been carried out in that referential expression as the main spatial function appears in natural conversational situations. The results indicate that KSL has specific linguistic features as well as a universal character of sign language.

농인, 한국수화, 수화 공간, 인칭, 일치동사, 지시물, 시각-제스추어 양식, Deaf people, Korean Sign Language, KSL, sign space, personal pronoun, agreement verbs, referent, visual-gestural modality

강고운 Go Un Gang , 박은혜 Eun Hye Park , 김정연 Jeong Youn Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.04 Vol.8(No.3) 69-92, 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systematic instruction with individualized assistive technology on photography skills of adults with severe cerebral palsy. Based on the assistive technology assessment for participants, themounting system for photo capture and an alternative computer access device for photo editing using photoshop program were selected and fitted for each participants. The instructional strategies involved the use of picture workbook, least prompt procedure, and time delay. In this study, multiple probe baseline design across subjects was used. The intervention was composed of 8 to 11 sessions. To examine the maintenance effect, 3 follow-up sessions were conducted 3 weeks after the intervention was finished. The results of this study revealed that 1) all 3 participants showed successful acquisition of photo-taking and photo editing skills, and 2) the acquired photography skills of all three participants were maintained until three weeks after the intervention.These results indicate that systematic instruction using individualized assistive technology, picture workbook, least prompts system, and time delay seems and effective package of teaching strategies for adults with severe cerebral palsy in acquiring photography skills. Educational implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.

중도장애, 뇌성마비, 보조공학, 직업기술, severe disabilities, cerebral palsy, assistive technology, vocational skill

남윤석 Yun Sug Nam , 한성희 Seong Hee Han

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.05 Vol.8(No.3) 93-116, 2007

The purposes of the study were to develop scaffolding based courseware for individualizing math teaching strategy to students with intellectual disabilities, and to confirm verification of the coureseware. The scaffolding based courseware was developed by systematical procedures. This courseware was comprised seven technological supports(reading, highlighting, visualizing, hypothesizing, computing, checking and using strategies). The supports were decreased by three steps as the learners became to have skills to solve their mathematical word problems independently. 10 special education teachers participated to verify of the scaffolding based courseware. The results of verification implied high application possibility of the scaffolding based courseware. This courseware, focused on interactions among learners, teachers, and technology in reflection of a social constructivism theory, showed a new hybrid model of using technology in math teaching. To generalize of this courseware, different experimental studies including children with intellectual disabilities are needed in the future.

지적장애, 수학교수전략, 개별화, 스캐폴딩, 코스웨어, Intellectual Disabilities, Math Teaching Strategy, Individualize, Scaffolding, Courseware

정희선 Hee Sun Chung , 신현기 Hyun Ki Shin

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.06 Vol.8(No.3) 117-142, 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of strength-based instruction that was theoretically based on multiple intelligence on the reading comprehension and attitude for students with mental retardation by analyzing inner characteristics of the students in terms of theory of multiple intelligence. A total of 48 middle school students with mental retardation enrolled in special education classes in Seoul were participated in the study, and half of the participants showed strength of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence while the other half did not. The participants were divided into three groups; first group received instruction using bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, second group received language-based instruction in which teachers delivered verbal instruction and the students of this group responded verbally, and the third group function as a control group and received conventional reading instruction. To examine if reading comprehension and attitude were differed by the type of instruction and the level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence of the participants, the data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVAs, and One-way ANOVAs with Tukey``s HSD as a post hoc method. Results of the study indicated that the instruction designed based on the characteristics of multiple intelligence of students with mental retardation was effective to reading comprehension, and the reading attitude was also improved by increasing the learning motivation of the students.

다중지능, 강점기반교육, 정신지체학생, 읽기이해, 읽기태도, multiple intelligence, strength-based instruction, children with mental retardation, reading comprehension, reading attitude

김미은 Mi Eun Kim , 서도원 Do Won Seo , 윤병천 Byeong Chen Yoon

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.07 Vol.8(No.3) 143-164, 2007

This study, which took bilingual deaf students as its objects of investigation, looked into the socio-cultural backgrounds that made the deaf students become bilinguists and analyzed the impacts of bilingual deaf education on their scholastic achievements.The results of this study can be outlined as following: First, after looking into the process of sign language acquisition of the deaf student 1, 2 and 3, who had been grown up under deaf parents, this study found out that they were be able to acquire sign language as the first language naturally in daily life, in the course of communicating with their deaf parents. Second, despite the sign language interpretation supports in the integrated education are not equal to perfect bilingual educational circumstances, it was found out that the supports are required for the bilingual deaf education and can induce a sense of social stability, the self-confidence and the desire and incentive for scholastic achievements, which are all appeared to be influential factors to their school scores. Lastly, as seen in the analysis on the scholastic achievement each subject through bilingual deaf education, the deaf student 1 showed high scores ranged from 6 points to 25points in Korean, mathematics and science, with exception of social studies. The deaf student 2 also shows the growth in the average marks by 7 points in Korean and mathematics, with high scholastic achievements near or more than the average marks of his whole class.

제 1 언어, 제 2 언어, 이중언어 교육, First Language, Second Language, Bilingual Education

김요섭 Yo Seob Kim , 최영종 Yung Jong Choi

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.08 Vol.8(No.3) 165-179, 2007

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, it investigated whether children with disabilities are more at risk of being abused by their parents than children without disabilities through parent attitude questionnaire toward child abuse. Second, it also examined whether there was difference in parent attitudes toward child abuse according to children``s gender, parental education level, and family income. 113 parents of children with disabilities and 105 parents of children without disabilities were participated. A survey composed of 3 categories including 60 questions of child abuse behaviors was used. The results were as follows. First, both parent groups generally showed very negative attitudes toward child abuse. Second, in comparison between two parent groups, parents of children with disabilities took more negative attitudes toward child neglect than those of children without disabilities. That meant children with disabilities are less at risk of being neglected by their parents than children without disabilities. In both groups, there was no differences found in parent attitudes toward child abuse according to children``s gender, parental education level, or family income. Discussions about why parents of children with disabilities took more negative attitudes toward child neglect than those of children without disabilities were provided.

아동학대 행위, 방임, 장애아동, 일반아동, 부모의 태도, Child abuse, child neglect, children with disabilities, children without disabilities. parent attitudes

임경원 Kyoung Won Lim , 김삼섭 Sam Sup Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.09 Vol.8(No.3) 181-202, 2007

This study is the second development research paper following the first development research paper and a literature review during the process to develop an 『Brief Vocational Aptitude Test for People with Mental Retardation』 and was intended to suggest the process of development for aptitude standards in employment group selection, the development of aptitude standards of the employment group, the decision-making process on personal aptitude in an employment group and the method of suggestion for aptitude of the employment group. The result of this study was as follows: first, the domestic data of the Korea Employment Promotion Agency for the Disabled was analyzed, establishing middle classification of the so-called Korean Employment Classification of Occupation (KECO) as the standard to select aptitude employment groups. After that, 8 employment groups were selected, within which more than 50 disabled people were working. Second, 10 participants were selected from each employment group in order to develop proper standards for 8 employment groups. After a total of 80 employees took the 『Brief Vocational Aptitude Test for People with Mental Retardation』 average scores in accordance with eight factors were calculated. Third, the personal aptitude employment group was determined using ``shape similarity`` of the average score profile and the disabled person``s personal test score profile, which was obtained from 8 selected employment groups, and the ``added difference in scores`` between the two profiles. Fourth, their personal employment groups were suggested, consisting of examinee information, scores obtained by aptitude factors, suggestion graphs for employment groups and the world of occupations. The researcher plans to finalize the development of the web program and the outline for the test after conducting a validation study on the performance and instrument of the test through further studies.

정신지체, 직업적성검사, 직업적성요인, 적성직군선정, mental retardation, vocational aptitude test, vocational aptitude factors, aptitude employment group selection

안지훈 Ji Hoon Ahn , 이승희 Seung Hee Lee

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.10 Vol.8(No.3) 203-229, 2007

This study was conducted to compare current operation status of special education classes between general high schools and vocational high schools. To dothis, a questionnaire was distributed to 34 teachers who were in charge of special education classes at general high schools or vocational high schools in the area of Gwangju and Jeonnam(12 special education classes at 12 general high schools; 22 special education classes at 16 vocational high schools). Thirty questionnaires were returned and analyzed to answer three research questions as follows: ① Are there any differences in curriculum and operation of special education classes between general high schools and vocational high schools? ② Are there any differences in administration and finance of special education classes between general high schools and vocational high schools? ③ Are there any differences in career education of special education classes between general high schools and vocational high schools? The results are discussed in order of the three research questions and some considerations for future research are presented.

일반계 고등학교, 실업계 고등학교, 특수학급, 운영실태, 통합교육, general high schools, vocational high schools, special education classes, operation status, inclusive education

유경 Gyung Yu , 정은희 Eun Hee Jeong

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.11 Vol.8(No.3) 231-247, 2007

The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of writing in school-aged borderline intelligence children with language disorder compared with normal children by the analysis of declarative knowledge. 11 borderline intelligence children with language disorder(BI-LD) and 11 normal children(NC) participated in this study, they were 4-6 grade elementary school students. BI-LD had borderline performance IQ(PIQ)(70-85) in K-WISC III, and language disorder-verbal comprehension factor index of K-WISC III <85, Test of Problem Solving<-1.25SD. Normal children had normal PIQ(85-115), and had no language impairment-verbal comprehension factor index of K-WISC III 85-115, Test of Problem Solving -1SD< <+1SD. All students had no other disorder which could effect on the language ability. They were presented the picture "Farm" (Kenneth ＆ Julie, 2004), and were requested to write the story about "Farm". We compared declarative knowledge between two groups. Declarative knowledge content contains 7 knowledge of contents, 5 knowledge of text structure, 4 knowledge of text coherence. There was no significant difference in the knowledge of contents between two groups. But there were significant differences in the knowledge of text structure and knowledge of text coherence. Subtests results of knowledge of contents in BI-LD were not different from those in NC. BI-LD got lower score in some subsets of knowledge of text structure-punctuation mark, other marks, subject-verb agreement, word order, sentence pattern, and some subsets of knowledge of text coherence-right vocabulary and expression- compared with NC. There was no significant correlation between PIQ, age, language abilities and writing abilities. Above results suggests that BI-LD have much difficulties in the knowledge of text structure and the knowledge of text coherence than in the knowledge of contents in the writing activities. These results could be applied to the teaching of writing in borderline intelligence children.

경계선지능 언어발달장애아동, 쓰기지식, 명제적 지식, Borderline intelligence children with language disorder, Written knowledge, Declarative knowledge

김경진 Kyung Jin Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.12 Vol.8(No.3) 249-260, 2007

We have conducted in-depth interviews with four people with hearing disabilities to use the gathered data in better observing and understanding the deaf culture through their family lives. The result showed that deaf family typically consists of deaf parents and deaf children, deaf parents and hearing children and families where all members have hearing disability. For the last type of families, only the sign language is used as a communication tool, and the children acquire the sign language without much effort to learn it. Children with hearing disability who live with hearing parents use the spoken language their parents use to communicate. The major reason for this appeared as the parents`` and brothers/sisters`` inability to use the sign language. Deaf people do not understand people with no hearing impairment who think deaf people``s family life would be significantly different than the family life of hearing people. Deaf families spend a lot of individual time compared to non-deaf families, and most of the deaf families experience increased household work such as laundry and child care once a child is born. Hearing disability also brings difficulties in child``s education and hinders children from interacting with other family members during the family gathering and other family events.

농, 농인, 농문화, 농부모, 청인부모, Deaf, deaf people, deaf culture, deaf parents

태원섭 Won Sub Tae , 박남수 Nam Su Park

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.13 Vol.8(No.3) 261-281, 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate preparation and implementation of Individualized Education Program on special class in elementary school. For thispurpose, this study operated in-depth interviews with 5 special education teachers who were in charge of special classes in Gyeongsangnam-do elementary school. The results are as follows. First, special education teachers generally had very low recognition about to necessity of individualized education program. Second, during preparing individual education program, Individual Education Operating Association existed just perfunctorily. In addition, showed that supporting system should be established for each school, and methods for inclusive education should be discussed thoroughly. Third, the methods of individual education was mainly to use learning papers by students`` level in special classes. From this, we could understand why we need the speciality of encouragement of teaching for special classes. We need approach of methods to various learning models for individual education, moreover, administrational and financial supporting system should be established immediately. Fourth, so as to properly operate individual education, teachers`` responsibility and supporting from each school are needed. parent``s interest and participation in disabled education should be increased and supporting plans should be fixed for pragmatic inclusive education.

초등학교 특수학급, 개별화교육계획, 질적 사례연구, elementary school special class, individualized education program, qualitative case study

최세민 Se Min Choi , 손영수 Young Su Son

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.14 Vol.8(No.3) 283-302, 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine how middle school curriculum for special class were compiled and applied in Seoul and what problems they were faced with. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, there wasn``t solid theoretical foundation for the compilation and operation of special-class curriculum, and there was neither enough collaboration between special education teachers and regular education teachers nor adequate connection between special class curriculum and regular curriculum, either. Second, as for assessment and individualized education, assessment committees and boards of individualized education existed just for form``s sake. The way to map out individualized education plans and to carry them out was not efficient. Third, concerning teaching-learning and evaluation activities for students in special class, teaching-learning materials and evaluation methods appeared not to be satisfactory. Fourth, extracurriculum activities and discretion courses were provided without having a full understanding of disabled students nor considering their opinions. Seventh, administrative and financial aids were not sufficient enough to ensure the successful operation of special class. To improvement the situation, specific guidelines about academic, discretion and extracurricular activities and therapy education, which are the basis of special-class curricula, should be prepared. Second, how to apply special-class curriculum should be determined in detail. Proper teaching methods should be selected for different areas, and in which way curricular should be modified should be decided. Besides, a wide variety of materials about discretion and extracurricular activities and therapy education should be developed. Third, in which direction evaluation should be led and relevant guidelines should be determined. What and how to evaluate should be presented, and academic achievement evaluation methods also should be supplied. In addition, alternative assessment methods applicable to students in special class should be introduced as well.

특수학급, 교육과정, Special class, Curriculum

강민희 Min Hui Kang

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.15 Vol.8(No.3) 303-326, 2007

Korean disabled women``s movement, which began with starting disabled women``s self-organisation, ``Bijjangeul-yonun-saramdeol``, in 1990, has grown rapidly, criticising disablism and men-centrism in Korean society. This movement has been acknowledged as the only civil rights movement which can possibly tackle the oppressive forces in Korean society and consequently has constructed maturity internally and externally. The movement is now in a new phase of creating counter social values and seeking ways to achieve its ultimate goal of disabled women``s emancipation. The discourses In this moment forming by disabled women activists on their political activism would greatly affect the future politics of the movement. This study aims to consider the movement``s decadal achievement as well as its limitation from the critical viewpoint through the discourses emerging from inside the movement.

장애여성운동, 남성중심적 장애차별주의, 비판적 담론, 대안적 시민사회운동, disabled women`s movement, patriarchal disablism, critical discourse, counter civil rights movement

윤윤복 Yun Bok Yoon , 최성규 Sung Kyu Choi

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.16 Vol.8(No.3) 327-348, 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate of the effect on the hearing children``s attitude to hearing impaired children and their self-esteem after hearing impairments experience. The subjects for the study were 62 children in 2 classes of 4th grade in Busan. They got hearing impairments experience program 15 times of each 40 minutes for 8 weeks. As taking the previous test of receptive standard, activity preference and self-esteem and took the same tests again after hearing impairments experience program. I took the variable analysis(ANCOVA) in the variant factor of previous scores in the experimental and the control groups to examine the effect of hearing impairments program. The results of the study were as follows,First, the hearing impairments had an positive effect on receptive attitude of hearing impaired children. The experimental group who participated in the hearing impairments experience program showed the affirmative changes - the improvement of a prejudice and preconception and the attitude of hatred, fear and rejection of hearing impaired children. Second, the hearing impairments had on positive effect on the activity preference. The experimental group reduced the rejection in acting with impaired children compared with the control group. Third, the hearing impairments had on positive effect on the self-esteem of hearing children. The experimental group improved their self-esteem appreciating their healthy body.

청각장애 체험, 태도, 자기 존중감, hearing impairment experience program, attitudes, self-esteem

김현진 Hyun Jin Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.17 Vol.8(No.3) 349-366, 2007

Recently concerns of educational supports for children with multiple disabilities in Asia-Pacific Region are increasing. This study is done to find ways to improve education supports for children with multiple disabilities in Korea by comparing and analyzing other countries. This paper is organized into 5 sections based on literatures, papers, reports from each country. This paper was written based on comparison studies of from 1) prevalence and statical situation of multiple disabilities 2) legal basement 3) national educational political direction 4) organization and education place, teacher``s in-service training, education contents and method. Through comparing and analyzing, we conclude five implications and future tasks in Korea. 1) We have to survey about the multiple disabilities over the country. Through survey, we have to collect the status of the multiple disabilities. 2) With the basic information the Nation has to supply properly devised planning and educational interventions for the multiple disabilities. Also it is required special support in education services and curriculum for them. 3) Since it is very difficult for them to integrate, there is a need to devise a plan for them and open schools. And in order to include them into regular school, first of all, we should create the inclusive atmosphere in regular classes, regular schools and society. Based on this improvement, we have to provide vast range of support for multiple disabled students to study with regular student. 4) We have to cooperate with multi disciplinary teams including the parents. 5) We have to find the appropriate communication method for them. 6) In order to teach them appropriately, teacher training is an important. We should prepare resource materials for teacher and the multiple disabilities to promote. Planning, material development, research support, teacher training, classroom organization, parental and community support are needed.

중복장애, 아태지역특수교육, 특수교육 출현율, 특수교육 법적근거, 호주, 중국, 일본, 인도, multiple disabilities, Asia-Pacific special education, prevalence, legal, Australia, China, Japan, India, Malaysia

옥정달 Jung Dal Ok

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.18 Vol.8(No.3) 367-382, 2007

This research is about the job satisfaction of factory workers with a hearing disorder. I commissioned the survey with 30 people working in the companies of more than 100 employees. They were twenty men and ten women from their 20s to 50s in the survey. A sign language interpreter performed the survey to help them fully understand the each question. As a result, quite a few workers answered that they were stressed about their tasks. The main cause was rooted in the human relationship between normal workers and handicapped workers. They were unable to communicate sufficiently because of the hearing problems. Secondly, most workers answered that they were satisfied with their wages and on-duty hours. However, in the satisfaction measurement about job environment and welfare, they showed less contentment. In summary, I found out that many workers with hearing disorder were stressed by unsatisfactory communication. Also, the lack of availability of sign language interpretation and counselling services increased their stress.

청각장애, 직업만족, 수화통역사, 장애인근로자, hearing disorder, job satisfaction, sign language interpreter, handicapped worker

최성규 Sung Kyu Choi

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.19 Vol.8(No.3) 383-401, 2007

Most people may decide their career after school graduation. The people who will graduate from their high school will go to work for companies or factories, or study at colleges or universities. The purpose of this study was to investigate why the Korean deaf students decided to study at Gallaudet University, Washington DC, USA, which is a unique university for the deaf in the world. Four Korean deaf students, three male junior and one female male, were participated for this study. Individual and group interviews were utilized for this study. All participants decided to study at Gallaudet University for more bright future life. The most difficulties to study at Gallaudet University are the fluency English skills and expensive tuition fee, however there in no problems in communication for study. They would like to make contribution to improve the quality of the deaf education in South Korea. This study suggested that many information to prepare for study at Gallaudet University will introduce for the deaf students who will decide to go to study at Gallaudet University.

농교육, 유학, 진로결정, deaf education, studying abroad, career decision, Gallaudet University

전준 Jun Jeon , 신현기 Hyun Ki Shin

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.20 Vol.8(No.3) 403-418, 2007

This study attempted to identify the friendship quality perceived to be important by students with special needs who were included in regular classrooms. It is also examined the students`` perceived importance on the friendship quality according to their gender and grade. Moreover, the study investigated the social behaviors and their relationship with the perceived importance of friendship quality categories. Two questionnaires were used to collect the data. One is the Friendship Quality Scale(Lee & Ko, 1999) for students with special needs, the other is the Social Behaviors Scale(Im, 1999) for teachers. Twenty six students with special needs and their teachers responded to the questionnaire. The mean and std. deviation were yielded to determine the tendency of the friendship quality as the perceived importance by the students with special needs. In addition, T-tests and One-way ANOVA were employed to verify the significance of differences perceived importance of the friendship quality as the gender and grade of students with special needs. Finally, Coefficient correlation was used to find out the relationship between the friendship quality categories and the social behaviors. Several major findings emerged from the study. The students with special needs indicated "pleasure of friendship" as their most important friendship quality category. "Satisfaction" and "Assistance" were also ranked as the highest item by the students with special needs. Differences were not found related to the gender and grade concerned with the friendship quality to be perceived important by the student with special needs. Additionally, significant correlation was observed between the friendship quality categories and the social behaviors.

친구관계, 친구관계 질 척도, 사회적 행동, friendship, the Friendship Quality Scale, social behaviors

김호연 Ho Yeon Kim , 박경옥 Kyoung Ock Park , 이태수 Tae Su Lee , 유재연 Jae Yeon Yoo

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.21 Vol.8(No.3) 419-443, 2007

The purposes of this study are to examine the current status regarding educational practicum of pre-service special education teachers and to suggest the best possible trends in the future on that issues. For this study a survey was conducted with 176 senior year college students from 8 universities nationwide who have just completed their regular practicum. Overall, the current study found that the participants believe that their practicum is insufficient and limited. The results pointed out the preparation courses which are provided through university curriculum are not enough in terms of planning lessons and selections of educational methods and lesson goals based on their students`` learning styles and intellectual levels. Finally, this study suggests the necessity of developing new models of comprehensive practicum programs which can be applied in our educational circumstances.

특수교육, 교육실습, 예비교사, practicum, pre-service teachers, special education

박지윤 Ji Yun Park , 석동일 Dong Il Seok

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.22 Vol.8(No.3) 445-463, 2007

The aim of this study was to examine and to compare between bilingual environment children and monolingual environment children in language age and MLU-m characteristics. Subjects included 26 children of 3 to 6 years old in the bilingual environment, and 24 children of monolingual environment. The results of this study was as following. First, there was some significant difference between bilingual environment children and monolingual environment children in 5 years of receptive age. But there was no significant difference between groups and ages in expressive age. There were some significant differences in receptive age and expressive age among ages in bilingual environment children in results of one-way ANOVA. Second, there was no significant difference between bilingual environment children and monolingual environment children in MLU-m. There was some significant difference between 3 years and 5 years in bilingual environment children in MLU-m in results of one-way ANOVA. These results showed that bilingual environment children delayed than monolingual environment children in language development, though their language competence growed like monolingual environment children. So bilingual environment children need some mediation for their language development.

이중언어 환경 아동, 언어연령, 수용언어, 표현언어, 평균형태소길이, bilingual environment children, language age, receptive language, expressive language, MLU-m

김병하 Byung Ha Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.23 Vol.8(No.3) 465-489, 2007

The purpose of this paper is to inquire the problems and issues on inclusive education and cochlear implantations for the deaf students in Korea. Inclusive education for the deaf students in Korea present a dilemmatic problem between the public policy and the practical reality. To realize the full inclusion for deaf students in our country, school restructuring in public education was not established through the personalized qualitative renovation. Also, cochlear implantations for children with hearing impaired is connected with inclusive education in Korea. Currently, the cochlear implantations are disseminated through the country for the infants with hearing impaired. In our country, the number of students with hearing impaired in deaf schools are rapidly decreased due to the disseminations of the cochlear implantations for the infants with hearing impaired. However, the cochlear implantations for children with hearing impaired have a dilemma in conflict with bioethics viewpoint. To reconstruct the identity on deaf education in our country, deaf schools should be restructured forward the highly personalized education. And deaf education have to respect for the self-identity to keep partnerships with Deaf world and sign language peoples.

농교육, 정체성, 통합교육, 인공와우 이식수술, deafness, deaf identity, inclusive education, cochlear implantations

이숙 Suk Lee , 이난복 Nan Bok Lee

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.24 Vol.8(No.3) 491-509, 2007

The purpose of this study is to research the developmental history of through the first to the fourth enact or reform of the musical curriculum for Mental Retardation Special Education Schools taking elementary courses. To discover a way for the future music class, this study is due to find out the developmental history of musical curriculum of Mental Retardation Special Education School and its contents for them, and any problem which might have been in teaching curricular music to the handicapped. Through the study, this researcher hopes to lay a basic foundation for the efficiency of teaching children studying in special schools.

정신지체 특수학교 교육과정, 음악교과 변천, 음악교과 내용, 음악교과 문제점, 방향성, Historical Research of Curriculum Development, Mental Retardation, Musical curriculum for Mental Retardation

전보성 Bo Sung Jeon

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.25 Vol.8(No.3) 511-531, 2007

The study is to investigate current state and problems of management and improvement direction according to transition education in high schools for thementally retarded. The questionnaire was consisted of 9 domains on current state of management of transition education, and 7 domains on problems and improvement direction of transition education.The conclusions of this study are as follows; First, high schools for the mentally retarded have an focus on skills needed atsocial adaption when schools set a goal. Therefore, core vocational curriculum in high schools for the mentally retarded is stressing adaption and participation to society. In current practicing contents and method of transition education, it is done by schools`` policies through council of teachers. Transition`` programs is for work practice and work learning and transition education is done in time for vocational instruction by teachers charging for vocation. Second, in problems and improvement direction of transition education, problems at starting work is because schools have a difficulty at screening of businesses. The problems, in planning and practicing of transition education in high schools for the mentally retarded is because of wanting of institution, arrangement, programs. The desirable period of transition education, teachers thought as at elementary and middle schools. In competencies required for transition education teachers, teachers thought ability for individualized transition planning, and diagnosis and evaluation for learners, knowledge for vocation, closer cooperation with business and industry, guideline for work, instruction for daily living skills and so on. The findings good guideline for implementing transition education in high schools for the mentally retarded.

전환교육, 직업교육, transition education, vocation education, high schools for the mentally retarded

안성우 Seong Woo Ahn , 이창환 Chang Hwan Lee , 김유 Yoo Kim , 신영주 Young Ju Shin , 박원경 Won Kyung Park

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.26 Vol.8(No.3) 533-550, 2007

There are several factors that could account for children``s phonological awareness ability. Those factors such as phonological units(i.e., syllable, onset-rime, body-coda, phoneme), type of phonological awareness(i.e., isolation, blending, segmentation, deletion, substitution, addition), type of response(i.e., accuracy, rate), characteristic of norm(i.e., age, sex, location of residence, existence of disability, language ability) and parents`` status should be taken into account when it is being developed.. Thus, the effect of thses factors on phonological awareness ability of children need to be examined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of parent``s social economic status on phonological awareness ability in children when phonological awareness assessment is being developed. Students were sampled from three different school in terms of economic status of residence, such as from low class neighborhood, middle class neighborhood, high class neighborhood. Phonological awareness assessment designed by the current researchers were conducted to each student on one to one basis. Results were following. Children``s phonological awareness ability was different according to their parent``s social economical status. The kids from poor neighborhood have poor phonological awareness ability while the children from rich environment have higher phonological awareness ability. This means that parents`` social economical status can account for some of individual variation of phonological awareness ability. Consequently, developer should consider this fact when he or she develop phonological awareness assessment.

음운인식능력, 사회, 경제적 지위, phonological awareness ability, SES

이은철 Eun Choel Lee , 김진호 Jin Ho Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.27 Vol.8(No.3) 551-574, 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of students, parents, and teachers on the transition education and adult lives for students with hearing impairment in the transition perspective. The questionnaire for this study was composed of 25 items in total. The first category, transition education, included 16items which were divided into the four sub-categories (need for transition education, curriculum of vocational education, the present status of transition education, methods of transition education). The second category, adult life of students with hearing impairment, included 9 items based on the four sub-categories (adaptation to adult life, college education, marriage, job selection). Total 412 questionnaires were analysed. The questionnaires were responded by 177 students with hearing impairment, 91 parents, 144 teachers who were enrolled in 7 middle and high schools for hearing impairment. The results of this study were presented and discussed based on the 2 categories, 8 sub-categories, and 25 items. Implications for practice and future studies were discussed based on the results of this study.

전환교육, 성인생활, 직업교육, 직업전환교육, 청각장애, transition education, adult life, hearing impairment, employment

우정한 Jeong Han Woo , 김영걸 Young Gull Kim , 신재훈 Jae Hun Shin

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.28 Vol.8(No.3) 575-596, 2007

The four operation part of mathematics is very important to mathematics learning and school learning. The purpose of this study was to identify error characteristics of four operation and sub-four operation among grades. For this study, 45 students with mathematics learning disabilities of 4th, 5th, 6th grades were employed and researched by Basic Academic Skills Assessment-Math. The results of this study were as follows. First, error rates of division part was the highest in four operation. In error patterns of four operation, calculative error of addition part, make 10-add extra/10-minuend-add extra error of subtraction part, flawed algorithm error of multiplication part, and no answer of division part were the highest. Second, in error patterns of sub-four operation, a number of four cipher and a number of four cipher operation error of addition and subtraction part, and a number of two cipher and a number of two cipher operation error of multiplication part were the highest. The results of this study provide basic information of four operation error patterns and characteristics of students with mathematics learning disabilities and provide suggestions in organization of teaching；learning operation program.

수학학습장애, 연산, 오류유형, mathematics learning disabilities, operation, error characteristics

이혜경 Hye Kyeong Lee , 나운환 Woon Hwan Na

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.29 Vol.8(No.3) 597-618, 2007

The purpose of this study is to identify effective partnership ascertain participation and satisfaction between rehabilitation counselor and client in vocational rehabilitation process. For this purpose, survey was carried out 47 rehabilitation counselors who are working in rehabilitation center, vocational rehabilitation facilities and association of the disabled and 109 clients who are served in such agencies. The findings are as follows. First, clients participate more passive than rehabilitation counselors in vocational rehabilitation process. Clients express and require their needs in follow up service, vocational training and placement, and intake process. Rehabilitation counselors mostly active in intake, vocational training and placement, and follow up service process. They also offer informations of services and vocational rehabilitation focused on clients needs. Second, rehabilitation counselors are satisfied with their work and co-workers. Clients are satisfied with their rehabilitation counselors, so they participate more active in vocational rehabilitation process. Third, rehabilitation counselors satisfaction was not associated with the clients. However, it is possible to increase clients satisfaction through increasing satisfaction of co-workers and agencies of rehabilitation counselors. For this reason, the suggestions are as follows: First, it is necessary to consider a system in order to participate more active in vocational rehabilitation. The more clients participate in vocational rehabilitation process, the more satisfaction with rehabilitation counselors, finally vocational rehabilitation outcomes will be improved. Second, a system to communicate with rehabilitation counselors and clients in vocational rehabilitation process will be required. Finally, rehabilitation counselors are able to participate more active in vocational rehabilitation process through increasing satisfaction with co-workers and job-changing. Therefore clients participate actively in vocational rehabilitation process and with the result of that vocational rehabilitation outcome will be accelerated.

만족도, 협력관계, 직업재활(과정), 내담자 참여, satisfaction, partnership, vocational rehabilitation (process), consumer participation/inclusion

이해균 Hae Gyun Lee , 김성애 Sung Aa Kim , 김정현 Jung Hyun Kim

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.30 Vol.8(No.3) 619-643, 2007

This research, a basic research on "Methods to Improve Reading Environment for the Disabled", analyzed the conditions of the print disabled people`` reading and library using. Questionnaire surveys were conducted on 179 aged individuals and 126 visual disabled individuals, and as a result, first off, regarding the aged individuals reading conditions, the interest of the aged in reading were not high, showing a survey result of reading average 4 articles a week for 4 hours, though not having significant inconvenience for reading. Nevertheless, the aged were feeling much inconvenience in using magnifying glasses and the facilities. As for the reading conditions of the visual disabled, the visual disabled reads about three times a week for 4 hours, reading mostly literature pieces like novels or poems, etc. Since their readings are limited to braille books, they feel inconvenience and hope supply and reinforcement of audio books and braille books to solve such problems. Secondly, regarding the library services using conditions of the visual disabled, the disabled are using library to acquire new knowledge and information, but are not satisfied with the data facilitated in the library, while much of their loans are taken from electronic books. Though the overall satisfaction degree with the library is high, it is shown that still dissatisfaction lingers in that the data are insufficient and the books are not diverse in categories

(독서)장애인, 독서 실태, The disabled, reading environment

박일지 Il Ji Park , 박현숙 Hyun Sook Park

DOI:10.19049/JSPED.8.3.31 Vol.8(No.3) 645-667, 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of the reverse inclusion dance program at a special school on social cognition of middle school students without disabilities. The subjects were 91 middle school students without disabilities and 18 special school students with disabilities. They were divided into three groups: the experimental group, the control groupⅠ with no contact, and the control groupⅡ with physical integration only. The experimental procedure was composed of pre-test, experimental treatment, and post-test with eight 40-minute sessions. The collected data were analyzed by ANCOVA using the pretest scores as covariates. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) Statistically significant differences were found between the experimental group and the two control groups, showing positive changes in the former``s social cognition; and 2) Significant increases were found on 2 factors and positive tendencies on other factors. These results imply that the mere physical integration of students without disabilities may not yield more social cognition, and that inclusive dance programs could be used effectively to build positive social relationship between the students with and without disabilities.

특수학교 역통합, 무용활동 프로그램, 사회적 인식, 비장애 중학생, reverse inclusion at special schools, dance program, social cognition, middle school students without disabilities